NEws

 Monday 11th September- A new(s) topic starts

Industry

The ownership of news can affect news as the owner's opinions may be reflected in their outlet, reporters will be more inclined to follow these believes to find success. Technology has changed the disruption of news has most people take to the internet to find their news, A lot of people take to sources of public info like twitter and reddit to find their news.

Ofcom regulates traditional news like papers and print. 

Audiences

news platforms' products change depending on the audience as news as a product isn't a one size fits

all and people like to here opinions that they agree with, however some papers may contain other opinions of the TA is more open minded on average.

Representations

In news papers whats shown is usually what is deemed as important to the paper and the people

who read the paper, a more working class paper may include some polotics, stories on celebs and more menial topics while a upper class paper may talk about currant affairs

media Language

the layout of news papers Also change depending on the audience, a working class paper may have larger font sizes for their headlines, colourful front pages to attract your eyes and pictures to interest you. Middle class papers usually keep pictures and colours to a minimum and feature more text on the cover    

Tabloids- Tabloids are targeted at working class people so they are made to appeal to them. Their covers usally contain lots of colour a common convention being the red masthead. The Print is Soft news celebs, funny stories, local stories. The print also uses lots of reactionary words like "devil", "ban", "attacks"

Their also smaller and cheaper to make them more affordable to their target audience.

Mid Market tabloid- In between a Broad sheet and and a tab. they look the same but the content is a bit more serious. The news being hard hitting topics that would appeal to a working class audience. They keep all the media language conventions of a tab but tone it down a bit

Broadsheets- Contain Way more type than a Tab, the news tends to be more serious with topics like world affairs, politics, business.  

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH

The daily telegraph reader is represented as being educated due to the use of sophisticated print Using words like "espionage, sanctioned, disclosure". There are many stories on the cover and they aren't fighting for your attention they all have equal space on this cover which shows the calm educated nature of a Telegraph nature. The cover contains a picture of Prince harry where he is referred as the "duke of sussex" the respect of his title shows us the importance of the royals to the audience which a conservative trait.

12/9/23- the news continues

Print news- To Gain insight of the purpose and process of news

Production of news papers requires a lot of paper and ink and need highly trained employees

like journalists.

The distribution of papers can be expensive due to the cots of transportation and they need to get them their in the morning and night wages cost more. This cost can be lessened by using local printing presses and going online.

Papers market themselves using techniques like tv,social media and ads to sister papers. They could have exclusive stories to attract certain people. 

Circulation- how many papers have gotten around not sold

OWNERSHIP 

The guardian is owned by the Scott trust- Trust is a legal arrangement that sees the fund from a trustee to a paper to keep the paper impartial supposedly.  One of 3 forms of news ownership.

The daily mail is owned by DMG Which is a cross media Converged conglomerate ( a company that owns a bunch of news outlets) which is owned by the media baron (Rich dudes who own media outlets) Lord Rothermere.

ECONOMIC MODLES AND FUNDING

The production of the papers in paid for in many different ways but there 2 heavy hitters which 

are 

SALES- 81% of the money if from sales the average paper can cost anywhere from 70p-£2,70 with the weekend paper being a bit extra.

aDS- A full colour ad in a paper can be 30,000 maybe even more now. They sell both online and print ad space however print readers are 70% more likely to read them.

money is also made through subscriptions,memberships and donations.

 

TECHNOLGOICAL Developments

1980s- the creation of computers and printers sped up the creation of papers exponentially.

1990- The invention of the internet connected people around the world which would of allowed news to spread faster but also people could find their news from different sources which took some power away from the papers.

2000s- The existence of phones and tablets threatens the news paper as people can get their news anywhere and don't have to rely on the papers at all. People can become the producers of news taking more power away from the papers. 

Production is now so much quicker due to no one has to move. Advertising your paper is now essentially free 

Print news: To explore the values and ideologies behind printed news

Here we can see an example of the same story being

told in a different way to appeal/push the opinions of the paper onto the reader. The Mirror uses Bigger text and more reactionary words to insight fear into the reader about these dogs in turn supporting the currant conservative policy going through. 

Meanwhile the Guardian just uses Dangerous in quotes showing their impartial nature.

THE GATEKEEPER: a term of the editor of the paper, they control what goes into the issue and their for gate keeps what the readers are allowed to know. The gate keeper has a special power known as PROTECTIVE COVERAGE this power allows the lord gatekeeper to choose remove something from the paper with the excuse that it's "in the interest of the people" The gatekeeper is one of the most valuable minions of the Overlord media barrons.

THE NEWS VALUES: The news is hungry for stories it needs them to survive however they need to be of value, only the most interesting stories will satiate it's hunger. 

The existence of these values shows us that the news as we know it is social constructed as the producers see fit.

The 12 flavours (values) that it has the most are:

1. Frequency: is this a new happening or is it everyday 

2. Threshold: Does it meet a certain magnitude to be notable the higher the magitude the tastier 

3. unambiguity: it must be clear, the news doesn't like to guess what it's tasting

    4.

using semiology to analyse this cover we gan gather ideas on both men and women. the images with a women shows us a women in casual clothing with headphones. she isn't anyone of notice or a standard of beauty in our society. She is an everyday person representing a problem that real people suffer with this shows that the guardian is a paper for everyday people.
 

Political bias- 

25/9/23 Printed News- Regulation

Regulation is how content is controlled within media products, dictating what and what is not allowed

Some argue that without a regulatory body the news has incredible power to influence the masses, democracy and freedom of speech are threatened.

However others say that regulation gives to much awesome power to the government and regulators and threatens free speech and democracy.

Regulation is required to to maintain the free press we have and the function of he forth estate

If this self regulation is breached not much happens, maybe a written apology

The press in England is self regulating, the papers decide what is good enough for the papers, 

As a result of the Leveson inquiry the uk has 2 regulation wizards. 

IPSO the judge of the press 

Does not meet Leveson standards for being a regulatory body and does not have regulatory status. Basically papers join IPSO and they act as their regulator, taking in complaints investigating them for them. It's funded by it's members which causes problems.

IMPRESS

Is a official regulatory body. commercially independent which is good however is not liked by papers

 

Curran and Seaton

the patterns of ownership are vital to how the media functions. Big media conglomerates own most of the production their-for a-lot of what we receive is the same as they are scared to make new content.

 On the opposite side of the spectrum they say that independence and diverse ownership methods lead to more thoughtful and creative products

when applying this to an example it can be hard but our examples show this perfectly and we can use this tie in some cultural and industry context. it goes like this

Most of the British press is owned by a small amount of people one such paper is the daily mail which is owned by the media barron lord Rothermear it is a working class, right wing tabloid. 

now if we compare it to another popular paper the sun we can see that is also a right wing tabloid targeted to the working class and owned by another media barron. from this example we can see that the convergence of conglomerates has caused the papers to be mostly the same.

Hesmondhalgh

Industries follow a pattern of eating each other up so production is owned by less people and by conglomerates. This is because if you own more of the production line you don't have to out sourse to other people and pay high industry standard prices, you can just pay who you own to do it and they most likley not complain.

Risk in the industry is loss of money. companies don't want to take big risks as gaining money is the name of the game. as a result of this we do not tend to see companies change and diversify unless they really have to, this leads to nothing advancing or getting better as the companies are to scared to try something new

The hungry companies really on repetition of what works to minimise risk. this is why all right wing tabloids look the same. Other people will see this success and copy what they have done to gain their own popularity which then leads to a situation like the currant british press tabloids looking all the same

It's basically the same as curran and seaton but is better for when you are talking about the look of the paper.

Livingstone and Lunt 

Print news 2 : Regulation day

Print news 3 : Rise of economic factors

Objective is as follows: To explore how and which economic factors influence Print news

Daily mail economic factors`;

Owned by lord rothermere 

is a working class paper/tabloid

Makes money through sales and ads

Guardian economic factors

Owned by a trust

is a middle class broadsheet

makes money through sales and subscriptions

does not have ads

Explain how economic factors affect the distribution of papers

Economic factors affect the the distribution of papers as seen when looking at the Guardian and the daily mail.

The Guardian is owned by the Scott trust meaning that are no dividends for share holders of the guardian so it's goal isn't to make money for rich people but to break even to keep dispensing news which means when circulation of papers started to decrease they had to get creative. The most obvious option was to sell to advertisers however this goes against the values of the guardian so they keep there ad revenue to a minimum (around 3000-32000) looking at this example we can see that curran and seaton's theory that diverse ownership models leads to more thoughtful product's as despite loosing profits the guardian refuses to sellout. They made changes to the physical paper as well reducing the the size to a tabloid paper and doubling the 1£ cover price and change they can afford to make due to their higher class audience who have more of a commitment to the paper than of a tabloid readership  The biggest action they took was the effort they put into their online presence, they developed a website for desktop and mobile to attract a more tech savy audience, a smart move as the guardians audience are more freethinking and most likley use the internet mre oftenly than other audiences and it did as the site averages 7 million people using it on desktop and even more on moblie. 

10/10/23   Industry theory  

Work can be found on the news theory page

31/10/22  Target Audience 

L/O; to investigate audiences of printed news and audience appeal

Harcup and O' Neil:

Have their own set of news values that draw in an audience

The POWERFUL elites; anything or anyone that holds a mass amount if power either in business, world events or polotics  

2. Celebs: People who are famous for anything that isn't 'important'

3.Entertainment: anything that involves entertaining people so it could be an entertaining story or a story about entertainment

4.Surprise: Stories that are unexpected or create a feeling of surprise

5.Bad news: Anything that can has negative feelings attaced

6. Good news: opposite of bad news. anything that had good connotations

7.Magnitude: stories that have a large impact or involve a large amount of people

8.Relevence: stories that are relevant to the readership 

9. follow up; Stories that are all ready in the news.

Finally 10. Any that may fit into the papers agenda.

In this cover we can see Both powerful elites and bad news. these are communicated to us through the lexis used as the Name Suella is the powerful elites and the word Crisis gives the connotation of bad news.

We also have celebrity news on the cover as they cover image is of the actor who plays dianna in the crown 

On this cover again we can see examples of powerful people as the cover line mentions Braverman who is the home secretary 

Media language 

Codes and conventions

Codes; A complex system of signs that result in a meaning. A code can be divided into Two parts 

TECHNICAL:  Choices that require technical or mechanical skill to produces, Camerwork, MES, Editing

SYMBOLIC:  These are the meanings that are taken from the technical aspects

Conventions: a typical way of doing something

TABLOID C & C's

Tabloids tend to be smaller in size and contain soft news that contain topics people may relate to or find weird. They use working class speech codes (lexis) as to appeal more to their working class audience.  The amount of text on the screen pails on comparison to the amount of space the images take up. Their Headlines are huge to make sure they catch your eye. These headlines are always something obscene or potentially offensive again to draw in readers. Many have a red logo\ masthead. Their are also many incentives on the cover. Some may have free inserts or vouchers.

Broadsheet C&C's

Barthes: 

Daily pill halves risk of breast cancer". Connotations Cancer bad, lower risk of cancer good. This means that the Daily telegraph care about their audience as they are sharing information of reducing the risk of a life changing illness. This relates to a wider idea of fear of mortality and illness and that in our society that no matter how good off you are things like cancer could creep up at any moment.

The fact  that the main mention of women is about a potential killer and how to prevent it may suggest the women are weak and need to be protected and need to know how to be protected. 

 

Dual Convergence: When genres steal the conventions of another genre in the context of media language and start to resemble one another.

MEDIA LANGUAGE- 14/11/23 

MEDIA FIRST- say that the reading age of the sun is 7 to 9 

Media language with case studies 

20/11/23

Daily mail 

    The daily mail is a middle market tabloid newspaper. It contains a mix of soft and hard news which makes it a hybrid of the two main paper genres. The hard news isn't presented any differently from the soft, it uses the same speech code and and sensationalised language to create interest.  

This cover is a great example. The main focus is on international hard news about tax cuts (broadsheet convention) however the main picture is celebrity soft news (tabloid). Its text to image ratio is is more balanced than a traditional tabloids however images to take up a noticeable percentage of the cover which makes it a mix of the two genres. It's also got a massive ad plastered over it.

The masthead is in a serif font with no colour, which is a convention of broadsheet papers this gives the idea that the news in the Daily mail is going to be of a high quality and serious. The coat of arms separating the masthead is similar to the coat of arms of the UK which connotes that the mail is a patriotic paper that holds up british values which is typical of a paper like the mail being a conservative paper that holds traditional values close. 

The sky line includes an ad for the mail on digital preaching the great 'deal' you can get on the mail as for 90p you get the mail for 90 days. This then creates the idea that the mail care for their viewers and want to save them money however the conservative views on the mail suggest otherwise as looking out for the few isn't a conservative value but making money is. This shows the purpose of the mail of making money which is a convention of tabloids as most are for profit. 

The Headline Creates this idea that Labour are trying to take away private education from those who can just manage to afford it. This then creates a negative representation that labour are 'bad' as they don't like poor people. In turn conservatism is then portrayed as being for the underprivileged. This is a clear example of levi Struss's theory of binary opposites, that Concepts like day don't exist without night, This idea of conservatism only exists due to the slander of labour 

The Guardian

Is a Broadsheet however is tabloid sized 

 Uses blue. blue is seen as the opposite red which suggests the guardian is doing the opposite of the tabloids and giving out quality news instead of the slop tabloids give out.

The guardian uses genre conventions of a broadsheet to establish it's quality of journalism. The masthead does this as the serif font used in the guardian logo gives off the connotation that the guardian is a serious paper that wants to give out serious news. This new masthead came about when the guardian changed it's size to a tabloid to make sure people don't think that they have changed their stance on news and values

Media language : Q2 practice 

Hyper-reality

  The cover line on this paper disproves what Baudrilard says about how we have moved beyond class as the headline speaks on how Starmer is trying to create more of a class divide. 

We can apply his idea of hyper reality to the article on mat hancock. We are given this story on him on i'm a celebrity, This create a hyper reality where Matt's celebrity life is more important than any story about his disgraced political carrier    

 

The Guardian cover creates a constructed idea of brexit. 

The way that Brexit is used in the cover isn't as a politcal event but it's a hyper-real representation of brexit where it's more than that and it's now a thing or a force that makes it own decisions and is personified as having will with the effects of brexit being a deliberate act.

Q2 Structure

Intro- yes,no,maybe?

Middle, the answer to the question

PRACTICE QUESTION 

British news papers have three main genres Tabloid, mid-market and broadsheet all of which can be defined by their own genre conventions. Tabloids are known for containing a high concentration of soft news that is presented with little text as images take up most of the space on cover. The small amount of text that is present in tabloids usually use simpler language as to appeal to their working class target audience and have sensationalised language to make the stories more interesting and eye catching.Lastly tabloids tend to have sans serif mastheads that connote a friendly source of news

Broadsheets are more comprehensive as there covers contain much more text that tends to contain more serious news which takes more precedence then the images as only 1-2 images are used. While tabloids can have up to four stories on the cover broadsheets usually contains two stories in full.Broadsheets almost always have serif mastheads to present themselves as a respectable source of news.

The sources use their cover images to create contrasting representations. The Mirror's cover has an image of the ex prime minister that makes her look stupid. This then creates an idea that she is incompetent and unable to run the country, this can then influence the audience of the mirror to not vote conservative. The daily mail does the opposite, The photo use of May in the daily mail has her looking confident and backed up by her supporters. This represents May as being succesful in uniting her party and is leading the towards success, This would convince the readership of the mail to vote for the conservative party. 

27/11/23 

 Defining characteristics of a broadsheet

Broadsheets are higher class papers that can be defined by its own conventions

We can understand a thing as a thing through it's conventions

These conventions are

A middle class speech code that comes across as educated.

This text contains usually contains hard news in high detail

The daily express uses media language to show their political bias. The image of Rishi Sunak used in the cover shows this support for the right wing party as the images is made to present him as a winner. we can see this as the image is a slight low angle shot which presents him as successful and gives the connotation that he has achieved victory. The image also has a light shining down on him which makes him look almost heavenly as if he is a chosen politicon that will bring about grate things for the country.

Print news: representation

CONTEXTS OF REPRESENTATION ABD IMPACT OF THE REPRESENTATIONS

28/11/23 

THE DOMINANT MINORITY 

There is a a group of people that hold significant power in various social institutions or in the production of cultural products. People in this group have shared characteristics that are recognised as being. Kinda old(middle aged) a dude, white as the moon is grey, in the middle of the various classes, They love the exchange of goods for money. God lovin, have no disabilities, Not eastern, And have a university education.

Anyone who may not exactly fit in this are part of a subordinate group. 

The subordinate's representation depends on how the main group wants them to be seen. This means that frequently the subordinate groups are vilified in cultural products so the dominant group remains on top.

Those who fit in to this group less and less are more oppressed than others Which is the bases for INTERSECTIONALITY

On this cover We have a representation of Jamie oliver ,who fits into most of the requirements of the dominant ideology, The cover is celebrating his ability as it's talking about how he is able to make good food in 5 ingridients.

However, the representation of women who are subordinate classes talks about them having an issue.

Their are 3 stories on the cover and one image 

People who are covered

The king: the king despite being an exact member of the rulling class is represented in a negative light as he is 'feeding' off the dead

An old politician; Is also represented as being bad as it talks about the currant austerity being worse than his their for he is represented as being incompetent.

These representation do critise the dominant class however we are not given any ideas on anyone else showing that they are still more important

And gaza

How Representations are influenced by Contexts 

Ownership may influence the representations found in a news paper as the media Barrons who own the Printed papers Have their own ideas, beliefs and agendas that they want to impose on others For example Lord Rotheremere is conservative to the daily mail isn't going to talk good about labour. 

Looking at a smaller scale the journaist who writes the story may have a vendeta of their own and it will seep into their work. The ownership thing is more important.

The economic factors

The purpose of news papers is to make money their for representations are gonna be made to make money. Sensationalised titals  that draw in readers may crate less than real representations. 

Genre: Tabloid papers are for a working class audience.  their simple nature makes more diverse representations less common as people do not read them for the thoughtful journalism

Broadsheets: Broasheets contain more thoughtful news and more complex representations

News values & politics 

Genre: tabloids tend to be funded by right wing captilists to a lot of their news is going to be in support of right wing parties and ideals. this can be seen in the daily mail.

Also tabloids have different news values from broadsheets and value personalised news over 

Regulation

The guardian is self regulated so any representations are what the guardian are belived to be appropriate

The daily mail is regulated by IPSO (however they pay money to be regulated so could be corrupt)

We have a free press meaning representations are not regulated by the government and have the ability to be free. 

PRINT NEWS: REP RESENTATION

4/12/23 

The blue backdrop along with the tools invoke stereotypical masculine ideas and perpetuate that tools and manual work are for boys. The pink with the make up have are stereotypically feminine and recreate the idea that this colour and items are for women.

Furthermore the tools being related to boys then suggest that boys are more useful than women and spend their time building and creating where women only focus on themselves. 

The Tools don't suggest any 

News Paper stereotypes

Class: In news papers the most common class we see is upper middle class and their issues in life. Most of the stories are politics and politions or celebrities and their issues. This creates the stereotype that working class people and issues aren't important to the mass populous. 

This re enforces the power of the dominant group as it makes their issues and ideals more valuale then those below them

Ethnicity: In news papers the most common ethnicity is white and only recently do we see brown people more due to Rishi Sunak being prime minister. While you could argue that creates a positive idea of Minorities however it also creates the stereotype that they are only worth of being in the news if they are important/ are members of the upper class. 

This empowers the dominant group as they is be white so if those who may not beith pale are given less of a voice and theirfor are seen as LESSER BEINGS☺

AGE

  

THERE ARE BASICALLY NO YOUNGER PEOPLE IN THE NEWS PAPERS. ALL YOU WIL FIND IS NEW ADULTS, MIDDLE aged AND OLD PEOPLE. THIS IS BECAUSE THE RULLING CLASS ARE OLD AND DUSTY.

This enforces the power of the ruling class as young people who tend to be more progressive and forward thinking are less prevalent in the media so there are less people to challenge the norms 

Gender

.0

Relevant Theory

Gauntlett: The media play an important role in identities as today we are expected to create our own identies through the use of media.

How does this apply? People could read news papers and share qualities with some one of a subordinate class being represented negatively or see that people like them aren't as prevalent and value themselves less as that what they've been told 

Or Someone who matches closely to the dominant class could see how their they are so prevalent and important in the news and belive themselves to be more valuable

The Guardian representation

Here we have a representation of the British right wing. It shows them as being barbaric and uncivilised as it describes the divide in the party as "Tribes" this use of the word tibes makes the tories sound like early humans who lack the ability to work together.  This is a middle class issue as politics on a deeper level stereotypically is middle class news.

The main image on the cover is of the film chicken run. It's soft news which appeals more to a working class audience. This shows that the guardian doesn't just run stories that would relate to the middle class and goes against the superior class.

The Guardian uses their cover lines to create stereotypes of the tories. In the cover line talks about

the currant divide in government but uses the word tory "tribes".The use of this word represents the tories as early humans who lack the ability to reason and work with each other and have split off.Applying Bandura's theory that the media can directly influence the audience, This representation may influence the audience to believe that the conservatives are unable to run government due to this tribalist mentality that the guardian has sold this is reflective of the guardians political stance as they are know for being the only centre left broadsheet. What isn't represented here are the working class' issues, Politics is stereotypically a topic that the middle class spend more time thinking about and this lack of inclusions of the lower class gives more power to the Dominant group who are upper class.

The guardian uses anti-stereotype of vegans to give more power to subordinate groups. We can this in the chicken run story as it's about vegans 

gilroy could apply to this cover as the war in gaza is brought up. The article on the war Talks about the Disease that is starting to set in due to the lack of heating created by Israel. The coverage on another country like this it suggests that it would never happen in a country like ours. Almost like we are pittying them 

Online news 

Daily Mail

To Learn The Backgrounds of the Mail Online

The Development of technologies like personal devices have increased access to the internet and have become a integral part of our life,s so news going digital made sense as it's easier to access.

This online news in monetised in a myriad of ways. the Most common is Subscription based services that you pay monthly for, through selling ad space or uncommonly you can donate or leave a donation in your will.

Technological development has impacted the distribution of news as there are multitude of outlets that are controlled by the paper companies such as websites and social media pages and podcasts. 

Online news is self regulated and somewhat regulated by the court of public opinion.

The Mail Online

The Mail online is the online adaptation of the Daily mail which is available in many forms on

Mobile/tablet, desktop and social media. Through the website (mailOnline) and the app of the same name. They adversities across these platforms and also Advertise themselves aggressively to the point where the total revenue for the mail online in 2017 was £119 million up from 93 million.

This means unlike it's competition the mail online is up for free while making a profit

Production

The Mail online Cut it's self off from the main body of the paper company and has it's own office which employs 800 people who produce exclusive content that never meets the main body. 

!500 articles are produced a day and 500 videos which all subtly and not so subtly carry the mails conservtive ideas and view points despite having a differnt editor

The content much like the paper contains a lot of Uk based news on soft working class topics like Sports fiance and travle and most importantly celebrity and lifestyle news is the bulk of the content 

Their insagram page for the most part is only celebrity news with catchy titles 

Distribution and Circulation

The mail online is distributed through many platforms Such as their website which is their own property and also use other properties such as social media like twitter,  instagram, Facebook and even snapchat.

Use of social media which is a free platform reduces overhead costs and increases the maximum profit from the Advertising and increases the range of where they can be read to any english speaking Country. 

The use of new tech makes it more appealing to the younger audiences.

MailOnline is One of if not the biggest english news website in the world with a majority of their audience comes from the USA and kangaroo land. 15 million people tuning into it daily.

!0 million people View their snapchat content daily and it rakes in 1 billion views on facebook.

Regulation

IPSO regulates any content that comes from the mailonline and has received 39 complaints with 2 being taken seriously.However due to the fact that their is a lot of user generated content from people who are not affiliated with the mail a large portion of the content goes un regulated.

People can comment on the stories 

Here is an example of this user generated content.  being controversial and potentially wrong

Interestingly these aren't moderated meaning anywhere can say anything.

These were monents ago. every moment another person can type out random jibber jabber.

15/1/24  Online news - the guardian overview

16/1/24 Online News- The MailOnline 

The Cultural Context of News (what we expect) 

The Cultrural context of the news contains things like 

A functional website that is avaiable on different platforms, - The accesability of the news makes content easier to find, we don't have to go to a news agent, just our phone. the audience anywhere anytime can stay informed

Which contains both International and National news 

And occasionally Bombards us with a slew of ads and pop ups

To make this experience more personal we can log in- News is curiated to audiences, algorithms provide us with what they think we'll like, this streamlines the gathering of news and makes the experience more enjoyable

  

Live up dates tell us whats good.

Somtimes videos-  Some people may prefere to watch their news through a visual medium, a video can be more appealing then text and inform better by being memorable, The Viewer can also choose to share the video.

And endless scrolling

Echo-chamber - When one opinion is paraded and oppositional ideas are not present, this leads to the reinforcment of your idea rather than having a varied idea

Ad-like  - liking an advert on a website

Click stream- Info on a user that is collected while they use the site

Front door traffic-  Promoting and ecouraging an audience to use your website to view content rather than another.

AUDIENCE STATS

Desktop- 4 million desktop users view news sites daily with most of them being 35-54 year old men 

probably at work 

Phone and tablet- 27 million adults use news this way and one third of them are 18-34 with 56 percent are female. The main consumption of this news happens between 6am and 10. as people wake up and cheak their phones

Social media- &5 percent of audiences read news outlets social media weekly with facebook being the most popular form of social media to read the news, probably due to old people

The onilne news space currantly has captivaed 84% of men and women in the uk with 88% of 18-34 year olds.

The online space appeals to a melenial audience more than physical media 

Online news raises issues as the quest to appeal to the reader and retain their foucus leads to more of that exact same content is spat back at me. 

If watch a right wing channel all the way the site will click stream me and give me more rightwing opinions and turn my feed into an echo chamber and my view of the news will be tained

30/1/24 Representation and participation 

Ideologies

Individualism- A belief that priorities the worth of ones self over the many. It's strongly associated with capitalist ideas of the free market, the pursuit of money and Self realisation 

Globalisation- A process where the world becomes connected with each other due to more trade, the exchange of culture and tech.  It has resulted in the services provide by companies being used everywhere and elevating companies to being multinational.

Consumerism- The act and encouragement of buying goods and services.

This shows the globalisation of news as news in the middle east has reached our eyes. Paints lsral as being 'good' as the funny aspect of them dressing as women and stopping 'terroitst' make them seem goos possibly showing their views on the matter

Consumerism- telling you which SUV to buy and encouraging the consumption of goodsto make more money for big company

The only stories on women focus on their male counterpart their relation. This gives the idea that a women's value is dependant on who they are with which is anti - individualist 

The royal family- A slight at harry and Megan who are the bad guys of the royal family and are disliked by the main consensus of royalists. This shows their patriotic rightwing ideologies and attempts to pander to their audience

CAGED- 

The event is the mass amounts of people leaving harry and meghans company. The connotations of the events is that they are incompetent at running a business 

The Concerned social groups are the royals and a studio exex, so people who are at the top or near that. This gives off the idea that the problems of the rich are more important than the issues we face or that the people on top aren't infalible. 

The individuals are harry, meghan and the TV whizzkid.  They are made to look bad this show daily mail is royalist and right wing as they show a bais agoants H and M for no good reason

 

19/2/24 The Guardian: Participatory culture

This is a story on the guardians Global section. It covers a film director Mati Diop who states that France should return Stolen African art. This section and story shows us the effect of globalisation as we can get stories about the past and culture on others countries. We know that in our museums we can see the stolen artefacts of places like Africa  but this story tells us that it wasn't just the UK who pillaged. This highlights the issues of other countries as being as important as our own.

From this we can apply gauntlets theory of identity, being that we get many ideas of identity from the media, and we can see this as people who may be from Africa or have African heritage will see this story and perceive the ideology that their culture is important and shouldn't be owned and may influence them to embrace their culture into their personality or their work, which will ensure that it lives on.

 

Here is the 'Front page' story on the website, It's a labour front bencher opinion on the Israel Gaza crisis. He states that the military action taken by Israel has gone past self defence and can no longer be justified as so. It can be argued that this shows the power of dominant social groups as there are many journalists from gaza who have first hand experience in gaza who would of told you months ago this same take. But this white middle class politician has been prioritised over them. This does connote that the dominant social group's opinions are more important, however it could just be that he is a member of government who is trying to make change and call a cease fire. 

From here we can apply Halls theory of representations, Being that representations are a process from creating meaning, and producers try to fix meaning.

 In traditionally owned media One person (usually someone conforming to the dominant social group) owns the whole shebang and representations are crafted to enforce ideas that relate to the dominant social group, we see this in the daily mails right wing opinions which reflect the ideals of lord Rothermere. The Guardian is owned by a trust and has no one to appeal to but the audience so this representation has not been constructed to enforce the dominant social group

 Here we can apply hesmondheilg as the guardian is owned by a trust  and has no figure to appeal. This shows that this unique form of ownership allows for true opinions to come through.

News Contexts

Newspapers are one of the oldest forms of media with their conception going back to the 17th century with the mass reader ship coming about in late 19th century as education became more accessible and mass consumption and urban culture grew. Technological developments have shaped the printed press in the ways the news is produced, distributed and circulated.

The Digital age has shaped the printed press since the 1980s as it first impacted it with lowering paper sales which caused the printed press to evolve.

 

Political Contexts

The government has certain powers of the press, It can Review the ownership of news titals every 4 years to ensure that we have plurality in the market- can result in leaders electing people they like.

We have a free press and self regulation which means that the government does control what they media can say. News papers often reflect the political views of the editors and people in charge which become more prominant during political conflict.- 

This also results in the owners and editors supporting their favourite political figures in the news and making look the best.

The press has certain sway on the decisions made by politicians as the the suits will wait for the media's reaction to ra decision before committing to it.

Economic contexts

The Ownership of the news papers changes the content drastically. if a paper is owned by a single person at the top that persons ideals and politics. will make their way into the papers opinion.

Independent ownership models have no single figure head to appeal to which leads to more unique and diverse opinions and interesting content

The proliferation of tech and the integration of the internet into everyday society has decreased the amount of print sales drastically

The survival of the paper relies on the circulation of papers and persuasion of advertising to work which are all key aspects of a consumerist economy. So consumerism is going to be promoted

Economic: The paper is cheaper to those who subscribe, The savings at the moment ensures that the mail will have a source of revenue to go on and relates to the fact that news papers rely on the circulation to survive and are trying to pursuade their readers.

The positive idea around

Tayor Swift praises the consumerist society that the paper relies on for it's existence. This is because taylor is an icon of consumersim, we know her name because of the exchange of goods that our society is now built on

  

 

4/3/24 News context

How does political context influence Ownership and regulation

Political Context heavily influences the ownership of the news. The news is owned in mainly 2 different ways, either by a media barron who owns the company (or the many lines of companies) that produces an outlet of news for example the daily mail is owned by lord rothermere. Or by a trust which acts as a independent body who takes the money from sources of income and gives it to the paper supposedly in an unbais manner the Guardian is owned by the scotts trust. These media barrons buy as many companies as they can to have as to have a wide control over the media lord rothermere owns not just the daily mail but also the metro and others. However their are anti-monopoly laws in place which stop these barrons from owning to much of the news although these barrons tend to know people who make the laws so political context leads to a semi diverse ownership of media.

Regulation is also heavily influence by politcal context. In the uk we have a free press which means that the government is not allowed to heavily regulate the media, this means that most papers regulate themselves and have to hold them selves accountable like the guardian who are self regulating and we can see the effects of their regulation on the corrections tab on their website and paper. Some use an indapentdant regulatory body called IPSO as a regulator such as the daily mail, a regulator set up by the government after the levison inquiry found that the papers were incapable of regulating themselves. This does mean that the paper doesn't control what they can and can't put out however the papers pay IPSO so there might be some corruption. Political context influences the papers tp having freedom to write whatever they want but in some cases they have too much freedom.

How historical context change how audience interact with news?

When the papers where first created their purpose was to inform the people of currant events and act as the Forth estate audiences went to the papers for a realiable source of news as it was the main source societal and political news, but as society changed so did the papers, economic uprise lead to us becoming a consumerist society and the invention of the TV, which offered news and entertainment, the papers had to change and the did, ever since the 1920s  the daily mail has incorporated more and more soft news into their papers so that the audience had more that one reason to interact with the news, looking at the daily mail today the headlines are usually one serious story and two pieces of celebrity drama.

Historical context has changed the relation ship with the audience. In the beginning the audience read the paper and the producers made it, audience could only interact with the news by buying it and reading the paper. As technology advanced and papers went online that relation ship changed. Most papers now have websites such as the Mailonline and the Guardian site which have unique content and comment sections which allows the reader to instantly give their opinions and feedback about a story. The Guardian online allows you to log in and recieve a personal feed of news that relates to you, making the interaction more personal

How economic of money and no many effect the handing out of paper

Paper loose money because no one read paper, paper go online, distribution now instant and cost less because online, mailonline and gauridan online 

Historical context has changed 

12/3/24   Questions 3

Paragraph 1- Introduces the press of our country and how they don't have to give a balanced opinion

Question 3  Analyes the different representations of ethnicity in source A and B use theory

The theorist gilroy wrote that non white ethinicies are demonised in the media. This is because England never morned the loss of it's empire and chooses to interpret this through negative representations of other ethnicities culture such as the criminalisation of the black atlantic and immigrants and the idea of western society being superior

We can see this in the representations in the guardian as it talks about the rewanda scheme, a plan to export immigrants to rewanda, costing 1.8million for each one. This gives off the representation that immigrants are so repressed and criminalised in our society that the governent is willing to waste and egregious amount of money on removing them. This representation isn't a negative one due to it being from the guardian who hold a libertarian ideals of which repression doesn't fall under so rather than dog pile on the oprressed they choose to shine a light.

The daily mail refutes this as on their headline they compare the protesters for the liberation of palastine as a 'mob rule'. This represents the people who would speak out for the suffering kin to the harsh and criminal workings of the 'mob' a italian american criminal gang known for dealing in violence.

25/3/24   News theory and exam questions 

26/3/24 DRIT MOCK

Q1:

SOURCE B-  Headline- In source b media lanuage is used to preserve boris' image. We see this in the masthead as they have said that " Boris school Tsar quits" Here the signifyer is the word quits which dennotes that he left but the signified is that Colins bad at his job seen by the lexis in "Cash bust up" which frames him as being unable to handle money. The myth is created that the government in suffering due to other people and not their own failures. This representation is expected of the express as it's s a right wing paper.

Quits connoates the idea of a quitter or someone who couldn't handle it, if they wanted to paint better could of said left or resigned

Q3:  

More on the historical news

online news

Ownership and it's effect on values

 This is a typical daily mail cover,

Layout- 2/3rd of the page is taken up by relatively un-important soft news and while the hard news takes up the biggest spot we are made to percive this celebrity news is as important as the situation of the middle east.  This relates to the cultural context that we like to consume soft news rather than hard news as it 'goes down softer' and a reader of the mail, most likly working class and using the paper for escapism won't want to read about all the horrors of the world.

Copy- " what i discovered about the real tayor swift' "inside story of posh's" all the stories are about the extremely wealthy and the lack of representation tells us that our issues are unimportant compared to the rich. This relates to the economic/historical conext of the mail as it has been historically owned by the rothermere family who are the dominant social group and these representations serve their ideologies and make sure that their audience will not question their position

Images- both the supporting images feature stereotypical ideas of women. On the top we see taylor swift kissing a man and we see a women on the back of a man. On both of these images we see a women being subordiante to a man, he is getting kissed, he is carring her and it creates an idea that women are an asset or secondary to men. Van zoonen writes that women in the media are objectified and that gender roles are social constructs that are preformed by us and here we see our traditional role of women preformed perfectly by the two women on the page and the status quo is reinforced. This is expected due the cultural context of women in our soceity and we would expect repreesentations to reflect.

Main image- The main image of the guardian is of a black women breaking a world record for a women's only race. The image is wide shot which encompasses all of her success in the photo and we are sharing in her acomplishment. 

Sky box- In the sky box we see stories that relate to people and are a bit more personable. Specifically "you've got to speak to peoples emotions" This connotes that the guardian as a whole aims to relate to it's audience on a more personal level than it's counterparts. This Proves what curran and seaton say about capatilist industries, that they exlucde creativity at the expense of profit as the guardian owned by a trust which is an unconventional form of ownership and has lead to the content of the guardian being unqiue to it's competiton.

Mast head- Serif font shows  that they take themselves seriously as serif fonts have a long history of being associated with tradition and formality, Further more the name "the guardian" holds the connotation of someone who protects the people or an idea, using bathes theory of semiology, the combined signs of the name and the type work together to create the signified meaning that the guardian as a paper is protecting the people form improper opinions and takes this mission incredible seriously.

Headline- The head line contructed to make it seem lke imgranrs are huge promblem in our society. WE see this in the copy as the Phrase "enough is enough WE ARE READY FOR THE RWANDA LIFT-OFF" The use of the phrase enough is enough is used in bristish society when someone is completly fed up with anothers shit and gives off the connotations that the immigrants in our country is causing havock and disruption and they need to be deported, The Demoniastion of these people s what gilroy talked about that we never morned  the empire and due to that we now criminalise immigrants.

Layout- The high magority of the content available on the mail online is slop content that mean nothing. This the impact of economic context of the decline of paper saes which lead to the delcine of serius 

 

13/5/24

Media language- stuff on the page

Political context- political knowlegde at the time that may influence any represerntations

Levi struss- the theory of bianary opposites, that certain ideas exist due to an opposite idea also existing like night and day.

Levi struss theory of bianry oppistes states that certain ideas or representations only exist due to an opposing idea such as night and day.

In the sun we see binary opposites used to show instability in the change UK party. We can see this in the media language of the web article, Lexis uses a very sensationalised and emotive language in "Tears itself apart" Which gives the connotation that this party is destroying it's self from the inside and lacks the ability to make civil decisions, This is contrasted against the image used on the article which depicts the party in a jovial manner having fun and talking and gives the idea that this party is stable. Using binary opposites, The negative representation of the party contrasted with the positive makes the positive seem like a front and the opposites are used to turn the parties materials against them. This is typical from an article from the sun as they are conservatives who liked brexit and changeUk was against it so the party slandered them as political opponents.

In the gaurdian Bianry opposites are used to make change uk seem like they are still going strong.

The sources given and news in general presenta a highly constructed version of world events that present their narrative to the audience, This is due to many factors involving politcal contexts and bais or changing a story to make it more applealing to it's audience as a working class tabloid audience wont' want to read the same story as a upper class broadsheet.

14/5/24

Economic

Political

social/cultural

Historical

AUdinces can comment on posts 

People can post and respond to news on social media

People can email and write complains online

they can log in and get a personal experience

They can give stories

Can access news anywhere

Subscriptions- daili mail plus- donate guardian

Watch videos

Consuomerism- at the core of our society- seen in ads and supscritions

All are apart of the cultural change where expect to be able to interact with our content such is the change in participartoty culture with new media where the line between producer and consumer being shadoewed

Curry and seat

Ownership is important
compaines eat eachother
Creativity is lost due ot the pursit of profits

the intertenthas not changed the power balance betwwen cosuer and producer

Hes

Comapnies eat (folloe convergence)

Risk is money loss

Repete things that made money so do not loose money

internet has made no difference as cultural industries own the big companies

1. barthes semiology

2. myths

2. equilvrium, distrution, recgonision, attempt to solve, new equilibrium

4.neal

5. genres eveolve and hybrid

6. structuralism, levis stuss

7. night and day, batman and thwe joker

8. representations are more real than reality 

9. a simuacra is a manufactured idea of reality or a simulation

10. a postmordern society is one that has moved past the production and is now based on simulation using images and signs